The urine includes urea, uric acid, protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, chlorine, inorganic phosphorus and calcium. Among the above components, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chlorine, inorganic phosphorus and calcium are electrolytes that exist in form of ions in the urine, i.e., the so-called ions of the invention. When the first electrode is electrically connected with the second electrode, positive ions in the electrical path migrate to the cathode and negative ions in the electrical path migrate to the anode to respectively generate oxidation reduction reactions.

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The overall conductive capability of these electrolytes is referred to the conductivity. The conductivity is represented by L, and is also a reciprocal of the resistance (R). That is:

L = 1/R                               ……(1)

Like common solid conductors, electrolyte solutions (in the embodiment of the invention, the urine) also follow the Ohm’s law, and thus equation (1) may be written as:

L = 1/R = 1/r×A/i               ……(2)

In equation (2), r is resistance coefficient or specific resistivity, i is a distance between the electrodes, A is a section area of the conducted solution, and the reciprocal of ris referred to as conductivity coefficient, specific conductance or conductivity represented by k; that is:

k= 1/r                                 ……(3)

Therefore:

L = k×A/i (in a unit of S/m)……(4)

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The conductivity of the urine is directly proportional to different kidney functions. More specifically, when the kidney function is normal, a filtration rate of glomeruli in the kidneys is higher, such that the quantity of these electrolytes being filtered to enter the urine is larger. Thus, the urine has a higher conductivity. Conversely, when the kidney functions is abnormal, the filtration rate of the glomeruli in the kidneys is lower, such that the quantity of these electrolytes in the urine is smaller, thus causes the urine having a lower conductivity. Therefore, by correlating the conductivity of the urine measured by the processing unit with conductivity data associated with different kidney functions, a kidney function status associated with the urine can be determined. 

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In the human body, in order to maintain normal blood pressure and heart demand, the brain automatically maintains the blood conductance at a level of 12 mS. When drinking a high electrolyte drink, the overall blood conductance rises, assuming an increase to 15mS, the urine filtered by the kidneys should be 18mS or even higher, so that the electrical conductivity of the blood can be reduced back to 12mS. As for pets, it should be similar. Whether the standard blood conductivity of pets is 12mS or other, the basic concept is the same. Further extension, if the party's kidney function is not good, and eat too salty. The blood rises to 15mS, but the kidney can not let the electrolyte above 15mS pass, the blood's electrical conductivity can not be lowered, making the burden of the human body ( It is a sign of kidney disease. At this time, drinking water will help to dilute the blood, and at the same time, it will be excreted with the lower concentration of urine. If you can lower the saltiness of your food and reduce the filtration burden on your kidneys, it will be healthy in the long run. Of course, the concentration is related to the volume. It is also one of the possible reasons why some pets drink too little water, but no matter how, how to make the electrolyte in the blood not too high is very importance. Conductivity could be used as a parameter in routine urinalysis.

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